Exercise the Mind, Body, and Soul Essay

Being in this class has helped me realize that my health, as well as others’ health, is very important. The past five weeks I have been recording my habits to see what was necessary to change. After the first three weeks, I had concluded that I really needed to increase my physical activity to do more than my average everyday walking. We were to go about our everyday lives and record exactly what we did on a regular basis. Before this, I would never have considered myself a person who exercises regularly. However, after this project I feel that I have earned the title of a person who exercises on the regular. Once I had picked my area I wanted to increase, I picked out to goals. My first goal was to exercise a minimum of 120 minutes a week. Two objectives I had to fulfill that goal were to complete my homework by four o’ clock each afternoon so that I had time to walk for twenty minutes in the evenings. Another objective I had was to park further away so I could wake an extra ten minutes to and from my car each day of school. My final goal was to lose three pounds by October 23, 2011. The first objective I had to fulfill that goal was to ask my friend/s Karlee, Sarah, and/or Samantha to exercise with me to help me stay motivated. My last objective to reach my weight loss goal was to do Zumba at least three times a week for 30 minutes minimum. Participating in daily physical activities such as walking or doing aerobic exercises is not only important for you physically, but it can also benefit you mentally and emotionally. A report shows that at least 60% of the global population fails to achieve the minimum recommendation of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity daily (Saxena, Van Ommeren, Tang, & Armstrong, 2005, p. 445). Walking is one of the most popular, easiest, and safest forms of physical activity (Sykes, 2009, p.40). Walking has many positive benefits to doing it. You have  less chance of getting/having heart problems, lower blood pressure, lose body weight, stress reducer are just few good things walking can do for you.  Studies have generally shown that exercise increases states of positive affect or energetic arousal, and reduces anxiety, tension, or negative affect. Research has also demonstrated that exercise may be similarly effective in the treatment of depression (Lutz, Lochbaum, Carson, Jackson, Greenwood, & Byas, 2008, p.166). Exercise gives you something to do. It is an easy way to get your mind off negative things and makes you feel better not only physically, but also mentally. According to Sykes, et al (2009, p. 42), exercise can improve a person’s physical self-worth and other important self-perceptions such as body image. Having exercise goals that relate to personal performance and improvement is also associated with high positive emotion and improved mood. My last two weeks of recording was difficult to say the least. Some days seemed easier than others did. Walking a couple times, a week was easy for me to get in the habit of doing. Not only did I notice that I was having a bit more energy, my dogs, that I took walking with me, we willing to walk more around the house, instead of sleeping all day. As the days went by, I noticed I was finishing my homework earlier, which allowed me more time to increase my time to do activities. My friends were extremely helpful and supportive during this whole process. They were excited to come over and do Zumba with me. They would come at least once a week and work out for at least 30 minutes. I believe I have made a change for the better that will continue to grow. I have realized that I had just been lazy. I now have so much more energy in the days, which really helps me go to sleep earlier and longer. It was difficult at first to change my ways, but with the support of my friends, it made things a lot easier for me. With my increase in physical activity, as I mentioned,  my sleeping habits have gotten better, and well as my leisure time. Now all I need to do is work on my eating habits, which are not too bad, and I will be living a much healthier life than I have been.

Gwen Harwood “Sharpness of Death” and “At Mornington” Essay

Through a critical study of Gwen Harwood’s poetry, the responder’s personal response has a significant effect on their judgement towards her poetry. In The Sharpness of Death, Harwood explores the inexplicable link between life and death, as well as the value of memories in response to the inevitable passing of time. Similarly in At Mornington, Harwood accentuates the value of appreciating life to overpower death and the importance of memories to lessen the effects of time passing. These aspects, which reoccur throughout Harwood’s poetry are universal, timeless, and prevalent to human existence and society. As a result, Harwood’s poetry has been able to endure varying contexts and continue to captive and create meaning for readers. The varying interpretations of Harwood’s work influence the judgement of responders to both the individual poems, and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. The Sharpness of Death explores differing perspectives on death and its irrefutable link with life, encouraging contemporary readers to question their value of death and develop a judgement on the poem and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. Part one of the poem establishes the personas desire to bargain with death, through the demanding tone that is used to address it, â€Å"Leave me alone.† For the contemporary reader, this highlights the desperation to evade death, something many modern responders are able to identify with. As the poem continues, Harwood renders the philosophers attempts to undermine death through analysis, as meaningless. The use of the oxymoron â€Å"complex logic,† highlights the futility of this act, suggesting that death cannot be explained, only experienced. This challenges the value of attempting to understand death for the responder as even those considered the most intelligent living, cannot provide sufficient answers. As the poem continues, the importance of life, rather than explanations, to overcome death is explored. The personification of blossoms in the line, â€Å"blossoms to hold the light that’s gone,† highlights for responders that the beauty of life, as represented by the blossoms, needs to be appreciated and understood in order to come to terms with the darkness that comes after death. The  final part of the poem returns back to first person, giving the poem a cyclical nature, common in Harwood’s poetry. This depicts to audiences the cyclical nature of life and the subsequent inevitability of death. In the final two lines of the poem,â€Å"If I fall from that time, then set your teeth in me,† the negative imagery depicts the persona’s view that only when she has lost the fulfillment that comes with life, will she be able to accept death. This creates a positive judgement for the responder, depicting that their fear of death can subside if their life has been lived with joy. The exploration of the connection between life and death throughout The Sharpne ss of Death, encourages responders to challenge their perception on the connection between to two. The response of audiences towards The Sharpness of Death, brings up questions in relation to the value of memory in response to the passing of time, inevitably impacting upon the judgement of the contemporary reader. In the second part of the poem, â€Å"I hope he found some light beyond that field of black everlasting flowers,† the positive connotation of light highlights the power of memories in overcoming the darkness that is death. For responders, this leads them to accept that their memories are what will alleviate them from the effects of times passing. This image of black flowers is juxtaposed by the description of the Nasturitums in part three of the poem, â€Å"Purest of colours, how they shone.† The metaphor of the flowers depicts the power of positive memories to overcome struggles that have been faced as time has progressed. The personification of light where Harwood says, â€Å"light like a noble visitor stayed with us briefly and moved on,† emphasis es the power of memories which often fade as time goes on. This encourages the contemporary reader to consider what their prominent memories are and thus, consider how their perception of them has changed over time. The rhetorical question, â€Å"How would you ever know me now†¦unless I brought these flowers,† enhances the idea that it is remembered past experiences which enable us to draw a connection between the past and present. For the contemporary reader, this accentuates the value of memories in appreciating life, a consistent theme of Harwood’s throughout her poetry. The sexual imagery in the final part of the poem, â€Å"my tongue sang with his juices,† depicts the strong influence of memories in relation to love in giving power to accept death, when the  passing of time is over. This places death in perspective for responders, as being only one aspect of life, with memories and friendship enabling people to transcend it. Throughout The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s exploration of the power of memor ies in accordance with the passing of time influences the responder’s perception to a large extent. The connection between life and death is further accentuated through Harwood’s poem, At Mornington, which, similarly to the The Sharpness of Death, challenges readers to develop a judgement towards this inexplicable connection. The first part of the poem depicts the fearlessness and uncertainty of childhood, deriving from a lack of understanding of death. In conjunction with this, the simile, â€Å"was caught by a wave and rolled like a doll among rattling shells,† suggests the powerlessness of the persona to control her direction in life, at a stage where there was no understanding of death. This concept has been experienced by an array of responders, and thus impacts upon their judgment to a large extent. The metaphor which Harwood uses to describe the graveyard the persona is standing in, â€Å"avenues of the dead,† emphasises that everything in life is temporary, with death being the only definitive part. This asserts to the contemporary reader that death doe s not need to be focused upon as it is certain. Therefore life which is temporary and changing, should be valued. In the second last stanza, â€Å"We have one day, only one, but more than enough to refresh us,† the repetition of one highlights the power of even a small part of life being able to assist in overcoming the struggle that thought of death places upon our existence. As the poem progresses, the persona is able to develop a changed perspective on death. The irony in the line, â€Å"at your side among the graves I think of death no more,† highlights the personas acceptance of the cycle of life as a result of the strong friendship they have developed, enticing readers to do the same. Water is used as a powerful motif throughout the poem, highlighting the persona’s acceptance of the inevitability of death, in particular, â€Å"waters that bear me away forever†. This encourages the contemporary reader to also accept this inevitability in order to appreciate their own life. The response of readers to the value of life in accepting death throughout At Mornington, h as a significant impact upon their opinion as it is a concept that is universally experienced and  understood. In accordance with The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s At Mornington, encourages audiences to develop a judgement in regards to the value of memories in response to the passing of time. The poem begins with Harwood’s memory of her early childhood where she â€Å"leapt† from her father’s arms into the sea. The alliteration to introduce this, â€Å"They told me,† highlights her lack of personal memory of the uncertainty of her childhood and the need of others to reinforce this memory. For many responders, the uncertainty of their childhood was not realised until adulthood, allowing them to appreciate Harwood’s poetry as relevant to their lives. The high modality to describe her memory of believing she could walk on water, â€Å"Indeed I remember,† depicts the prominent memories of the innocent child. This brings responders to consider that while the memory of invincibility is strong, the sense of invincibility itself has been lost as time has progressed. The motif of water is also continued, this time referring to memories, â€Å"on what flood are they borne.† This metaphor highlights that memories are able to cross the boundaries of time, thus emphasising the importance of them to responders who are experiencing the effects of times passing. This motif is continued in the fourth stanza, â€Å"There is still some water left over.† This depicts to the contemporary reader that even when time seems to have reached it’s end, memories still retain the ability to bring back the sense of abatement attached with them. In the final stanza, the metaphor, â€Å"rolled in one grinding race of dreams, pain, memories, love and grief,† highlights that memories are attached to varying emotions and are apart of the race that is life, where the inevitable end is death. This causes readers to consider the importance of the varying memories within their life, to make the journey to the end worthwhile. Through the appreciation of memories in response to times passing throughout At Mornington, responders are able to identify with Harwood’s poetry and thus develop a significant association with it. Throughout Harwood’s poetry, in particular, The Sharpness of Death and At Mornington, a variety of universal and timeless concepts are explored, sparking varying responses from responders. In both these poems, the  connection between life and death, and the value of memories in response to the passing of time is explored. This exploration by Harwood is one that can be related to by a variety of readers, influencing these readers to a large extent, to develop a judgement towards Harwood’s poetry as a whole.

Reorganizing the Woody Company Essay

Background Woody Company is a small sole-proprietorship that specializes in the manufacture of high quality bar stools. Currently, three types of bar stools are marketed with increases in standing orders currently reaching $750,000. Mr. Woody has decided to expand his organization to and aggressively pursue the market, but realizes that issues with defective wood from his suppliers, manufacturing quality defects and problems associated with late delivery of his finished product has impacted his profit margin (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). My assistance has been solicited to optimize the organizational structure, recommend pay structure and determine work allocation within the company. Organizational Structure A small company is, by definition, one that employs less than 500 employees (Hatten, 2007, p. 5). This is only relevant from the prospective that being a small business by definition allows for certain assistance from the Small Business Administration and tax code specifications. More importantly, the small business is a mindset of operation that will capitalize on the potential strength of flexibility and responsiveness that can only be exercised with a company that â€Å"can move fast, can provide quality goods and services to targeted market niches, and can inspire greater involvement from their people† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 298). Mr. Woody has provided a mission and vision statement for his company that states the following: â€Å"To manufacture world-class products that are competitive in the world market in quality, reliability, performance, and profitability (and) to create a  culture where pride, ownership, employment security, and trust are a way of life† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). What follows is a plan that will meet these expectations and provide opportunity for increased growth. Some of the agility that is afforded by keeping the focus of the company on remaining small is a greater ability to use a mechanistic structure that is able to remain responsive, promoting both a high involvement and a continuous learning environment, enhancing quality improvement standards and embracing lean manufacturing as a means to improve overall profitability. Figure 1 (p. 8) is the proposed organizational chart for Woody Company which I will use to illustrate work responsibilities covered later in this proposal. Although this structure may serve to contradict some popular beliefs that organic structures can be more responsive to changing company dynamics and market realities (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 292), a 2006 article in the Academy of Management Journal which studied the difference between mechanistic and organic structures contradicts this viewpoint. In this study Sine, Mitsuhashi and Kirsch prove that mechanistic structures promote â€Å"low role ambiguity, high levels of individual focus and discretion, low coordination costs, and generally high levels of organizational efficiency† (pp. 130-131). I submit that this type of organizational structure is precisely what Woody Company needs to build on existing successes. By following my model of reorganization, the benefits that can be seen in a more organic structure, such as an inherently increased amount of flexibility through coordinated decision making and individual employee empowerment, can and will be realized. Top-down investment in the continuous training of the employees of Woody Company, through the direct efforts of the Human Resource and Training Office is an investment that will pay rewards in not only employee loyalty, but also efficiency in all the operations. Focus on Communication Strategies Management focus on preventing or lessening communication barriers will serve to not only empower all employees, but also help improve processes which may  lead to greater efficiency and profits. One recommendation to potentially remove communications barriers is a daily operations walkthrough meetings each morning on the manufacturing floor by all managers. This not only improves situational awareness across the organization, but also provides the staff the opportunity to address concerns and raise issues that challenge management. Clear and open communications are a significant attribute to process improvement and come at a very low price. Implement Lean Manufacturing Another key influence to improving overall quality and efficiency is the hiring of a Lean Manufacturing Champion to ensure the lean process is effective. A Lean Champion is best defined in the January 2006 Manufacturing Today magazine as: â€Å"They [Lean Manufacturing Champions] set and maintain the goals of the improvement projects, making sure that they are aligned with the overall business priorities and objectives. Lean champions also act as coaches and teachers, educating the entire organization, including the supply base, on the importance of lean. They are also facilitators and negotiators, helping to smooth out internal manufacturing and organizational issues, and keep lean initiatives on track† (Weissman, 2006,  ¶ 4). Dedicating Woody Company resources on adapting Lean Manufacturing principles and actions will ultimately lead to greater process efficiency and quality which will lead to greater profits and growth potential. Lean principles are an investment in personnel and processes. Buy Quality Materials, Produce Quality Products through Automation Woody Company can take two steps in the manufacturing process to realize immediate improvements in the quality of goods produced. First, the company needs to re-evaluate their raw material supplier relationships. The purchasers for the company must procure only the finest in raw materials as a first step in reducing waste through not bringing defective materials into  the plant in the first place. This can be done by pre-screening suppliers and making sure that they meet standards of quality such that are proven through ISO 9000 certification. Analyzing history on dollars lost through defective raw materials can be translated into perhaps paying more in order to secure premium raw wood materials. The second method to improve quality should be a review of manufacturing processes with a focus on introducing computerized cutting, joining and measurement equipment. The cost associated with automating the manufacturing process can be offset through improved production capacity, more accurate fabrication, and greater flexibility in the types of wood products that can be manufactured. Using computer controlled equipment removes the human error element during production runs, and expands the potential product line opportunity to other areas of manufacturing. Figure 1 (p. 8) shows the manufacturing areas as Pre-Fabrication, Fabrication and Assembly and Finishing. The specialization of the staff in these modules builds on proven advantages mass customization (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 307), but does not necessarily mean that every order needs to be unique. The key is that specialization provides greater flexibility. Personnel resource allocations that I have recommended are based on my perception of the more labor intensive areas of the process, but personnel can and should be cross trained. Personnel allocations should ensure that each area of the p rocess contains at least some personnel that are skilled woodworkers, and that quality checks are implemented at each stage, to include as a final check, shipping and receiving. Pay and Bonus Plan Compensation of personnel at Woody Company should be based on responsibility, experience and proven performance. Consideration should be given to financial bonuses for employees who perform above and beyond expectations and rewards for the various teams in the company that have proven efficiency and demonstrated cost savings. Conclusion Woody Company needs to make strategic changes to increase market ownership  and profitability. Increasing manpower alone is a simplistic and perhaps ineffective solution. The appropriate action will rely on a willingness to focus on improving current competencies and develop capacity for increased areas of the wood furniture market. My recommendations are a starting point; now Woody Company needs to act in order to take the company to the next level. References Bateman, T, & Snell, S. (2007). _Management: The New Competitive Landscape (7th ed.)_. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Hatten, T. (2006). _Small Business Management: Entrepeneurship and Beyond (3rd ed.)._ New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Knudson, B. (2007, September). Implementing A Vision. _Manufacturing Today_, _7_(5), 48-51. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from Business Source Complete database. Sine, W., Mitsuhashi, H. & Kirsch, D. (2006, February). Revisiting Burns and Stalker: Formal Structure and New Venture Performance in Emerging Economic Sectors. _Academy of Management Journal, 49_(1). 121-132. Retrieved January 5, 2008 from Business Source Complete database. Weissman, R. (2006, January). We Are the Champions. _The ManufacturerMagazine_ retrieved January 6, 2007 from http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/content/3947/We_are_the_champions

Innovation in Vodafon Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Innovation in Vodafon - Case Study Example Hendricks & Singhal (1997. pp432-435) conducted a research in relationship between timing of new product introductions and market value of firms to discover that all firms that are late in introducing new products to the market lose market value. These theories indicate the importance of innovations for organization to remain competitive in the markets & the overall industry. As presented by Brown and Kozinets et al (2003. pp30-33), just carrying forward the heritage of the brand will not ensure its survival - old brand need to keep on learning new tricks of survival. In this essay, the author presents a brief introduction of innovations of Vodafone whereby the history, innovation characteristics and most innovative service of Vodafone have been covered in brief. In the end, the author has presented they perspective of his contribution to the innovations of Vodafone. Vodafone has slightly more than two decades of history and hence is relatively younger compared to many competitive firms in the telecommunications industry. It started in 1988 as a 100% owned subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc and was operating in the name of Racal Telecom Plc which first time got listed in 1988 offering 20% of the overall capital to the public. Racal Telecom Plc became independent of Racal Electronics Plc in 1991 and was renamed as Vodafone Group Plc after the de-merging. As on today, the Vodafone Plc executive board is chaired by Sir John Bond and the Group CEO is Vittorio Colao who has taken charge from Arun Sarin very recently after the latter's retirement. Vodafone operates in 20 countries directly or through franchises that are Albania, Australia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Spain, Turkey and the UK. In every country, the local operations are led by the country CEO who acts as the business in-charge of Vodafone in the country. All the country CEOs collectively report to the group CEO. (http://www.vodafone.com/start/about_vodafone/who_we_are.html) Vodafone Group Plc is one of the largest global mobile communications company having the vision to achieve the number one position in this industry. The vision statement of Vodafone states that "Our goal is to be the communications leader in an increasingly connected world". The "Cute Dog" advertisement with the "Happy to Help" message at the end itself is an innovation. Currently, this advertisement is getting close to hearts of the Indians with many variants of it floating in the local markets (http://www.resourcesforlife.com/docs/item1413). Vodafone has largely focussed on the global wireless communications market unlike their nearest global counterparts AT&T Inc. & British Telecom Plc. that are engaged more in wired telecommunications markets across the world. In the statement by the Group Chairman, Sir John Bond, it is emphasized that Vodafone is actively looking at mobile communicat

Corporate reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate reporting - Essay Example It is also about the organization and the recognition of what the economy is now, and what the economy ought to be in the near future. Corporate governance explains the types of processes and the ways in which companies and businesses are controlled and directed. They also indicate the level in which the managerial status of company is and include the information containing the board and its composition, the development that it brings and the level of accountability that it holds. Lastly, it focuses on the type of relationship that the management has with its shareholder, seeing that they are actually the owners of the company. Narrative reporting talks about the non-financial kind of work and it relates to financial information. Such information is presented alongside financial information and this enables for there to be an expanded understanding of a company’s main information (Robins, 34, 2010).   Response to the questions posed by the Finance Minister; 1. In Breakavia, the best placed to help in support of the initial development of the regulation for corporate reporting are the upcoming companies and industries, such as those in the industrial sector and also those in the tourism industry. Corporate reporting brings about the much needed transparency that will bring development in the country. There are certain international practices that can be used as examples in this country. Some include those of the companies that are based in the U.K and the U.S. From these countries, there have been major developments and due to their corporate reporting techniques have been named the best suited companies to rise in ranks. Significant information relating to companies include the market position that it holds, the supplies and the suppliers that it deals with, the general private and public performance both in and out of office and also the company’s future prospects. The next type of reporting, corporate responsibility shows basic information tha t pertains to the way that companies behold its image with its clients, their dealers, the society and the area or environment around them. Such information helps them attract and retain more clients and shareholders while still managing to increase the level of trust that the shareholders have put in the company (Stittle, 56, 2003).   Financial information about companies like in the United States brings transparency and enables a company to be able to maintain its major and final outlook. Financial regulation by the government is a form of regulation that allows financial companies and institutions to be subject to checks and guidelines. They also subject to certain restrictions, which are aimed at bringing about foreclosure of financial system and thus, bring about the rise of integrity of a financial institution. The financial regulation procedures can either be handled by the government of the state, capital markets and also other third parties. As for the regulation by the g overnment, there are laws that govern such activity; for example is, The Companies Act containing company law. There are also other legislations and edicts that are involved in the financial regulation of a business by the state. Regulation by capital markets is whereby there is the establishment of stock exchange to stipulate measurement and also

Terminologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terminologies - Essay Example Better communication is mostly the reason as to why there is improved patient outcome, it enhances continued care of the patients which is better understood and communicated with ease among nurses. Further, it is essential in the development of nursing as a body of knowledge which build up to the establishment of nursing as profession with autonomy. However, using standardized nursing terminologies has a great impact on the relationship between nurses and other professional while taking care of the patients. There is a disconnection in communication more so when other professionals go through nurses documentation on a particular patient. Thus, this to some extent is likely to affect patient outcome negatively. It necessitates the institution to utilize more resources to educate other professional on the nurse terminologies used while taking care of patients. For instance, the hospital has to print posters and put on strategic positions to enhance the other professional’s knowledge on the terminologies used by nurses (Wong, 2009). Moreover, it leads to much time wasted as one struggles to comprehend what the nurses are communicating thus compromising the patient care. Hardiker, N. R. (2011). Developing Standardized Terminologies to Support Nursing Practice. In Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (pp. 111–120). Retrieved from http://usir.salford.ac.uk/17895/1/Mastrian_chapter_7_Hardiker_-_pre-print.pdf Wong, E. (2009). Novel nursing terminologies for the rapid response system. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications†¯: The Official Journal of NANDA International, 20,

Landscape Rehabilitation - China Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Landscape Rehabilitation - China Clay - Essay Example Legal Requirements, Commitments and Funding Sources 15 3.1 Legal Requirements 15 3.2 Proposed Commitments 15 3.3 Possible Funding Sources 16 4. Environmental Rehabilitation Process and Its 17 4.1 Proposed Landscape Rehabilitation and Habitat Creation 17 4.1.1 Lay-out of Proposed Sites 24 4.2 Proposed Visitor Pathway Sites in Rehabilitated Lands 24 4.2.1 Lay-out of Proposed Visitor Pathway Sites 25 5. Adopting Conservation Strategies with Anthropogenic Benefits in Rehabilitated Sites 26 5.1 Application of Ecological Principles in Landscape Design 26 5.2 Impartation of Environmental Awareness and Appreciation to Visitors 26 5.3 Balancing Conservation Objectives with Human Use 26 6. Post Rehabilitation Phase Monitoring and Management 28 6.1 Faunal Population and Habitat 28 6.2 Flora / Vegetation Monitoring 28 7. References 29 1. Introduction and Methodology 1.1 Project Context Since the discovery of china clay deposits in Cornwall in 1746 by William Cookworthy, tons of china clay has be en extracted thereby massively growing the kaolin industry (China Clay Mining 2012). During the recent years, the use of china clay has majorly evolved from ceramics to paper, with some by-products such as paint, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, cork and agricultural products (China Clay Mining 2012). ... observed in some of the old conical tips but the new terraced tips seemed to adapt well likely because of the non-native grass seed mix that had been applied in the area (Landscape Rehabilitation 2012). The southern end of Cornwall china clay extraction area is where the Blackpool tip and pit site is located (see Figures 1,2). It is proximal to St Austell and Wheal Martyn china clay museum. This vast property is owned by Imerys, renowned as the world’s leading company in china clay extraction (Landscape Rehabilitation 2012). Figure 1. Map of Cornwall, United Kingdom (Google Earth 2012) Figure 2. City Map of St Austell and Blackpool China Clay Pit, Cornwall, UK (Cornwall Highstreet2 2012) Figure 3. Picture Map of St Austell and Blackpool China Clay Pit, Cornwall, UK (Google Earth 2012) Recently towards the end of November 2007, Imerys has stopped using the Blackpool working area and have instead affirmed its intention for Blackpool to be restored into a productive landscape like a traditional Cornish landscape. Imerys became interested in working with the local council for this land rehabilitation project, in favour of the local community and potential visitors. This decision made by Imerys posed significant benefits to the local residents especially the 200 workers who had lost their jobs when the china clay extraction operations ceased. Therefore, in response to Imerys’ interest for a land rehabilitation project in Blackpool China Clay Site, Landscape Architecture Consultancy dispatched a group of surveyors to conduct a preliminary assessment of the target area last April 2011. The objective was to provide a status report on Blackpool china clay pit to enable the completion of this proposal to do environmental rehabilitation in the study site. This report

Israel-Palestine Conflict over Gaza Research Paper

Israel-Palestine Conflict over Gaza - Research Paper Example The effect of this conflict has raised concerns among international stakeholders as well as other nations like the United States of America (Sterio 2010). Deterioration of Socio-economic factors Despite the efforts placed by the concerned stakeholders as well as the leaders of the affected nations, there has been little success as the conflict continuously affects various facets of the society. Apparently, various researchers and reports have shown that the most affected region is the Gaza strip where; lots of lives have been lost; properties, as well as other social amenities, have been affected (Mandell 1985). Tribal Conflicts in Palestine The occurrence of conflicts between the Palestine tribes has also created a major setback on the efforts of the international community that has been placed to facilitate peace negotiation between the two countries. Conflicts between the Sunnis and the Shiites have created divisions among the Palestine leaders hence diverting their attention from the peace negotiations towards resolving these internal conflicts (Migdalovitz 2010). Discussion Israel- Palestine Conflict Various social researchers as well as other concerned International Stakeholders have undertaken studies to find the causes of the Israeli and Palestine conflict. The most obvious factor that has emerged is that the conflicts were triggered by the struggle on who owns Gaza; however, bodies such as the media have failed to provide comprehensive information concerning the causes of conflict between the two nations. That is, there are cases where the media has portrayed Israel as an innocent nation that is making an attempt to save aggressive Palestine from causing harm to its citizens. This has raised a lot of concern from the various stakeholders, especially among the Palestine leaders. Escalation of the Israeli-Palestine war International Organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organizations as well as other stakeholder countries has made differ ent efforts to ensure that peace and stability exist between the two nations. However, their efforts have not been successful owing to a number of reasons. The first reason emerges from the inter-ethnic group among the Palestine Tribes; these tribal conflicts have been propagated by the differences emerging the specific inter-ethnic affiliations. That is, certain groups such as the Shiites have experienced tremendous hatred from the Sunnis who have perceived them to be affiliated with Iran. On the other hand, the death of certain key Muslim leaders as a form of revenge has also been another factor. These factors have propagated the occurrences of Israeli-Palestine Conflict mainly because they have jeopardized the efforts placed by stakeholders to create peace (Cowley 2012).

A Study into the Process of Downsizing and Reengineering Essay - 1

A Study into the Process of Downsizing and Reengineering - Essay Example The business process re-engineering helps companies to restructure their organizations by emphasizing on the design of business processes. The business process can be defined as the tasks which are logically related and a defined business outcome can be achieved by these tasks. The process of re-engineering focuses on the objectives of business by encouraging the recreation of processes in a full scale rather than optimization of sub processes. Business process re-engineering is also called as business transformation, business process redesign and business process change management. Downsizing A concept incorporated into many models of reengineering is downsizing or reduction of staff. It refers to reducing the excess staff members and cut down costs. When it happens, it is required to handle the layoffs in a manner without striking fear into the main employee base. It loses the competitive edge of the company. It creates the employees to wonder for what is going to happen the next. If the majority of problems lie at the top of company, the managers will be the first to be let go. On occurrence of this situation, the new team of business management, in their reengineering efforts, is expected to lead the company forward. Their duty is to get the rest employees of the company with their new line of thinking on board. This participation requires cooperation, trust and commitment from everyone involved in it. Reengineering traits and downsizing To be successful in achieving the goal of downsizing, an internal team of reengineering is required to be formed. If people with different opinions could be selected for the team then chances for success will be greater. It can include such people who are familiar with the internal operations of the company, customers, those having little knowledge in the area and outside consultants. When choosing the members of team from within the company, if people having different areas of expertise could be selected, then the selectio n will be the best. This will facilitate the company to get numerous and diverse ideas from the members of team. It is suggested not to make a team of more than ten; otherwise, the team could become unmanageable. So the team should not get too big. The process of business reengineering can be drastic. The employees within the company can experience emotions like fear, anger, shock, anxiety and denial. Management of the company should be prompt and quick in noticing it and should try to calm such resentment growing within the company. The process of rebirth of organization should be stressed by them. Rather, they should try to create enthusiasm. If they become successful, replacement can be made to the fear of employees with anticipation as they help the company to grow into a competitive entity. The process of reengineering involves reinvention of company from its ground up. It involves abandonment of old habits and adoption of new ones. This should be implemented in rapid motions r ather than in smaller steps as initiating the same with smaller steps can fall back the company into its older habits. This can lead to mergers, liquidations and outsourcing of jobs. At the same time, history of company, relationship with customer, strength of past assets should also be considered.

Research Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Design - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present respondents were asked as to estimate the WTP figures. The questions, which involved the willingness to pay (WTP), considered both the environmental and economic factors like the acceptability of WTP and the refusal of proposal both cannot be considered in the similar manner and for what the refusal stand for. Similarly, willingness to pay is sometimes regarded as the willingness to accept. Sometimes, WTP estimates weather the respondent wills to pay or just responds for the moral satisfaction, how the policy-making procedure utilized the benefit estimation. Before each question it gives an information about the question and the relative taxes and costs that will apply. In this way, the respondents and the interviewer maintain an atmosphere of confidence and reliability. Political views of freedom to ask and freedom to say are well adopted in the research paper. Most of the questions are answered in a more reasonable manner and respondent ha ve tried their best to answer as many question and bid as more as possible but in the other paper, respondents avoided some of the questions and responded some of the questions in an unsatisfactory manner. The utilization of multiples as double the current amount, three times the current amount, four times the current value or one thousand times the current amount made the research more cost efficient as it could be without the utilization of multiple values.... The questionnaire is such designed to provide an information to the respondents in both the papers but the method of interaction utilized in the paper â€Å"Benefits of Costs and Wildlife Enhancement Scheme: A Case Study of the Pevensey Levels† written by â€Å"K. G. Willis† are not much influencing. The article â€Å"I struggled with this money business†: respondents’ perspectives on contingent valuation† written by Judy Clark, Jacquelin Burgess and Carolyn M. Harrison’ utilizes the better interaction and information sharing methods. Before each question it gives an information about the question and the relative taxes and costs that will apply. In this way, the respondents and the interviewer maintain an atmosphere of confidence and reliability (Petterson &Williams 2005). Political views of freedom to ask and freedom to say are well adopted in the research paper. Most of the questions are answered in a more reasonable manner and respondent h ave tried their best to answer as many question and bid as more as possible but in the other paper, respondents avoided some of the questions and responded some of the questions in an unsatisfactory manner. The utilization of multiples as double the current amount, three times the current amount, four times the current value or one thousand times the current amount made the research more cost efficient as it could be without the utilization of multiple values. These questions have still indefinite and unsatisfactory answers; however, the satisfactory results can be achieved by utilizing a better questionnaire design. A well-researched method can resolve the problem associated with the WTP and CV

Evidence of Bergman’s Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates Essay Example for Free

Evidence of Bergman’s Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates Essay From a layman’s point of view, Bergmann’s Rule could be quiet evident in the differences of anatomical physiques of people near the equator and inhabitants of the arctic region. Nordic and Eskimos have relatively larger body mass than the indigenous peoples of the Congo or Papua New Guinea. There are other noticeable differences as well. One of these is postulated by Allen’s rule which states that populations of a geographically widespread species living in warm regions will have longer extremities (arms and legs) than those living in cold regions. On other species, Peter Mayhew came up with the following finding that for bird species, there was a pattern on the variables associated with latitude and body size, though not ubiquitous, that would reinforce Bergmann’s Rule (Mayhew, 2006, p. 70). References Rittner, Don and MacCabe, Timothy L. 2004, Encyclopedia of Biology, New York H. Allen Orr Testing Natural Selection, Scientific America January 2009  ¦ Volume 300 number 1 Scientific American, Inc. , 415 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017-1111. Copyright  © 2008 Ruff, C. B. 2002, Variation in human body size and shape. Annual Review Anthropology 2002; 231:11–223. Lewin, Roger, 2005 Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction. 2005 Blackwell Publishing Limited, p. 69 Mayhew, Peter, 2006. Discovering Evolutionary Ecology 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, p. 76.

Integration Review Essay Example for Free

Integration Review Essay l. Abstract. After listing author, publisher, and date summarize what you have read as if you were the author boiling down the book into 500-750 tight words. Prove that you comprehend the readings by writing a no nonsense summary. The abstract is not a commentary or listing of topics, but rather a gut-deep insightful `precis` of the longer more elaborate book. Abstract equals boil down David Entwistle, Wipf Stock Publishers, August 2004. Perhaps one of the widely used reference-textbooks in undergraduate and graduate levels throughout the United States, the Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity tackles hard questions that plague many Christians and Mental Health Practitioners concerning the role of Psychology in today’s modern and largely Un-Christian world. The book presupposes on what Science and Christianity have in common. Eliminating the arguments on either side to a unified whole and working on it with the eyes of a surgeon, the logic of a philosopher-lawyer, the questioning stance of a scientist, and the heart beliefs of a Christian psychologist, Dr. Entwistle succinctly and ably placed almost all the puzzles in place regarding what is usually regarded as equally competing views on humanity. There is a need for integration; not only for its theoretical applicability but also for its practical usefulness. One of the premises that cannot be argued away at the outset is that the Bible is the only authoritative source for faith and practice. Here, both Christianity, for which it must, and psychology at the basic level must agree. Mainstream psychology or science generally, as we know, does not know that, much more recognize the Bible as authority or as absolute standard. This premise is true for all instances, and the author carefully was able to establish this in his treatise. No doubt as to his grasp of the doctrines contained in the Scriptures that are sufficient to life and its sustenance. Starting with differentiating that which is wholly a biblical worldview and vigilantly avoiding the â€Å"roadblocks† that the readers might mistake as something else other than the essentials of Christian beliefs, the author nudges in graduated measures to a clearer understanding of where he intends his reader to reach: which is the integration of these two distinct paradigms. For the author, looking at psychology and/or human behavior and its complexities as a faithful Christian, human individuals are understood as well as coined by different terminologies other than their biblical counterparts. To arrive to a common understanding of the fundamentals of Christianity and to relate that to social science is not an impossible task at all despite the â€Å"wide chasm† that had been erected by certain schools of thoughts coming from either side. Presuppositions or philosophical conceptualizations are the pillars of any worldview, and to successfully establish a new one requires that changes or reinforcements be made at this plane. The integrative approaches were framed at this level so as to remove mental oppositions as they arise every time in one’s thoughts. When this is not adequately laid down, no audience can align their thoughts or understanding with what the author (i. e. , David Entwistle) tries to convey. According to the author, social science and the basic principles of the Bible do not antagonize scientific findings, in most occasions. They do not come in conflict with each other in most of the ideals. For instance, the psyche or soul and its make up; rather science in a way confirms (as if it needs confirmation) what the Bible long declares. The issue then is not accepting a secular psychology nor accepting a liberal theology; rather it is the accepting of psychology as a discipline science. Narrowing it down, psychology simply tries to study the human mind and how it functions. The Christian mind is the focus of most of the New Testament doctrine and principles. Its sanctification and renewal is one of Christianity’s lifelong primary objectives; and it is definitely God’s objectives as well as declared clearly in the Scriptures. It is His will for the people’s lives to have their minds changed or renewed. In this standpoint, science very well is able to relate its findings with how the mind works and how man relates these workings in his milieu and/or community. Dr. Entwistle puts aside every seemingly combatant view against psychology in general, and against seemingly narrow Christianity as well; so as to remove doubts to the a feasible and possible integration of psychology and Christianity. Declaring pitfalls of immature faith and pop psychology which respectively, easily captivate enthusiasts and followers alike, the approaches that the author actually took was to set aside what competing worldviews were there and faithfully move to abide to the demands of the Scriptures at the same time embracing the plausible scientific evidences that are emerging in psychology and examining these in the light of a complete revelation of the message of the Scriptures.

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment The word investment can be defined in many ways according to different theories and principles. It is a term that can be used in a number of contexts. However, the different meanings of investment are more alike than dissimilar. Generally, investment is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also means savings or savings made through delayed consumption. According to economics, investment is the utilization of resources in order to increase income or production output in the future. An amount deposited into a bank or machinery that is purchased in anticipation of earning income in the long run is both examples investments. According to economists, investment refers to any physical or tangible asset, for example, a building or machinery and equipment. On the other hand, finance professionals define an investment as money utilized for buying financial assets, for example stocks, bonds, gold, real properties, and precious items. In general term, Investment means the purchase of goods which are invest and not used today, which will give benefit in future. The money you earn is partly spent and rest saved for future expenses. Instead of keeping savings ideal this money is invested to earn additional income this is called investment. When an asset is bought or a given amount of money is invested in the bank, there is anticipation that some return will be received from the investment in the future. (Meaning Of Investment, 2009 ). Investment by domestic residents (individuals, companies, financial institutions and governments) in the acquisition of overseas financial securities and physical assets. Overseas investment in financial assets, in particular by institutional investors, is undertaken primarily to diversify risk and to obtain higher returns than would be achievable on comparable domestic investment. Physical foreign direct investment(FDI) in new manufacturing plants and sales subsidiaries, or the acquisition of established businesses, prov ide the multinational company with a more flexible approach to supplying foreign markets. Interest, profits and dividends gained on these foreign investments count as invisible earnings in the balance of payments, though some of this income may be reinvested overseas rather than repatriated. (Christopher Pass, 1995). The income tax treatment of foreign investment income is frequently governed by Tax Treaties between the country of the investment owner and the state where the investment is situated. (Friedman, 2007 ).Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) An investment abroad, usually where the company is being invested in is controlled by the foreign corporation. A company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. The direct investment in buildings, machinery and equipment is in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an indirect investment. (Spaulding, 2004).Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a major driver of globalization. As investment patterns of multinational enterprises become more and more complex, reliable and internationally comparable, FDI statistics are necessary for sound policy decision making. The OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment sets the world standard for FDI statistics. It provides a single point of reference for statisticians and users on all aspect of FDI statistics, while remaining compatible with other internationally accepted statistical standards. (OECD, 2008) . In the past decade, FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business. Reacting to changes in technology, growing liberalization of the national regulatory framework governing investment in enterprises, and changes in capital markets profound changes have occurred in the size, scope and methods of FDI. New information technology systems, decline in global communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the past. (Spaulding, Foreign Direct Investment, 2005).In recent years, given rapid growth and change in global investment patterns, the definition has been broadened to include the acquisition of a lasting management interest in a company or enterprise outside the investing firms home country. As such, it may take many forms, such as a direct acquisition of a foreign firm, construction of a facility, or investment in a joint venture or strategic alliance with a local firm with attendant input of technology, licensing of intellectual property. (Graham, 2005). According to the benchmark definition of the OECD and World Investment Report 2009, a direct investment enterprise is an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which a single foreign investor either owns 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise (unless it can be proved that the 10 percent ownership does not allow the investor an effective voice in the management) or owns less than 10 percent the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise, yet still maintains an effective voice in management. An effectiv e voice in management only implies that direct investors are able to influence the management of an enterprise and does not imply that they have absolute control. The most important characteristics of FDI, which distinguishes it from portfolio investment, is that it is undertaken with the intention of exercising control over an enterprise. (GlobStat, 2009).Probably the most important role of FDI in a developing economy is the supply of capital, as capital deficiency is the fundamental problem in case of a developing economy. Capital formation depends on investment, which, however, implies sacrifice of consumption. (Zaidi, 2009). Developing countries  [1]  , emerging economies and countries in transition have come increasingly to see FDI as a source of economic development and modernization, income growth and employment. Countries have liberalized their FDI regimes and pursued other policies to attract investment. They have addressed the issue of how best to pursue domestic polic ies to maximize the benefits of foreign presence in the domestic economy. The study Foreign Direct Investment for Development attempts primarily to shed light on the second issue, by focusing on the overall effect of FDI on macroeconomic growth and other welfare-enhancing processes, and on the channels through which these benefits take effect. (Andru Pascal, 2002). The most profound effect has been seen in developing countries, where yearly foreign direct investment flows have increased from an average of less than $10 billion in the 1970s to a yearly average of less than $20 billion in the 1980s, to explode in the 1990s from $26.7billion in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998 and $208 billion in 1999 and now comprise a large portion of global FDI.. Driven by mergers and acquisitions and internationalization of production in a range of industries, FDI into developed countries last year rose to $636 billion, from $481 billion in 1998 but in south Asian developing countries in which India $1 23 billion of FDI inward and Pakistan $31 billion of FDI inward in 2008. (UNCTAD, 2009) History: Early Investment There have been international organizations engaged in trading activities as far back in time as 2500BC, with banks and churches also having formed international organizations throughout history (Allen, 1984). The appearance of the modern MNE, incorporating control over foreign production units, did not occur until the Nineteenth Century (Wilkins, 1977), but early resemblances to the modern MNE appeared in the 1600s and 1700s, when large trading companies from the UK and the Netherlands entered parts of Asia, the Indies and America  [2]  . The two largest enterprises were the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company (Nicholas, 1988). These dominated the well-paid markets of spices, cottons and silks, and are credited as being the true pioneers of international commercial activities. Investment also later took place in the UK and French colonial territories of Latin America, Asia, Africa and Australia, with most investments being supply oriented, in the form of resource exploitation (Medard Gabel, 2003)  [3]  . International companies also emerged with the aim of colonizing foreign lands. One of the first was the London-based, British Virginia Company, Whose strategy was to profit from the development and colonization of Virginia in the US. Similar projects across North America were undertaken by the Dutch, the French and the Swedes. (Wren, 2006). It is generally accepted that the true birth of the modern multinational arose in Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Wilkins, History of FDI , 2004)  [4]  . Examples are the Cocker ill steelworks of England that set up in Prussia; Bayers of Germany that set up chemical plants in the US; and Nobels of Sweden that set up dynamite production in Germany (Tugendhat, 1981). However, it was not until the latter part of the Nineteenth Century that larger-scale foreign direct investment started to emerge. A major motivation for the spread of these firms was the increase in the protectionist behavior of countries, which in turn was a by-product of increased nationalism. As customers mostly-preferred goods produced locally, as opposed to imported goods, firms had to set-up abroad (John Micklethwait, 2003 ). Other important reasons for the upsurge in FDI and the growth of MNEs was the search for larger markets, as enterprises began to grow in size, and improvements occurred in transportation and communication, most notably the railways and telegraphs (Wilkins, FDI , 1998). These advances not only made it easier for parent companies to control their subsidiaries but to control them over longer distances. Up until the end of the Nineteenth Century, European firms dominated the MNE scene, but US multinationals were beginning to increase, both in number and size. Examples of US multinationals at this time include singers, which set up sewing-machine plants in Scotland, and the electrical-manufacturers Thomson-Houston, which set up in England (Attack, 1994). The increase in FDI at the turn of the Twentieth Century was halted in the inter-war period both by the destruction caused by the First World War and the threat of another war leading to discrimination against foreigners by the occupants of many countries. The First World War also resulted in European multinationals being forced to sell their pre-war investments, with political upheaval and border changes also impacting on cross-border activities (Dunning, 1983). Other factors leading to a worldwide fall in investment included the Great Depression of late 1920s and early 1930s and the substantial rise in inflation in Europe (Jones, 1995 ). By the time of the Second World War, the main stock of FDI was still held by the UK 40 per cent, while the US held 28 per cent (Jones Eric Lionel, 2000). However, after the Second World War a new wave of FDI began to emerge, arising mainly from the US. The factors behind this improvement in technology and Communication systems, greater economic and political stability, the formation of trading blocks and a more liberalized attitude from host governments (Hood, 1999). In the years after the Second World War global FDI was dominated by the United States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction brought by the conflict. The US accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI (including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI has sprea d to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive preserve of Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) countries. FDI has grown in importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20 percent of global GDP. Pakistan History Soon after independence in 1947, Pakistan moved from a parliamentary system to a presidential one and then finally reverted to the original parliamentary system. Pakistan has a checkered history of trade liberalization and FDI promotion. Following some trade liberalization attempts in the 1960s, Pakistan qualified for Article VIII status at the IMF in 1970. Even by the mid-1980s there was still a long way to go in lifting quantitative restrictions QRs and reducing tariffs. From the mid-1980s, controls on foreign investment in manufacturing have diminished sharply, those for the service sector less so (Athukoralge, 2007) In spite of various bureaucratic controls, the government attitude throughout the 1950s and 1960s was favorable to private investment, the FDI regime was more liberal, although there was greater emphasis on joint ventures with minority foreign ownership and technology licensing than on FDI in fully foreign owned ventures. However, supremacy of the state and socialist ideology under a socialist government dominated policy in the 1970s. As a result, a large-scale program of nationalization of key industrial units and wide-spread control of domestic and foreign trade were instituted. The dismal economic outcome of the interventionist policies eventually paved the way for market-oriented reform. Reforms started slowly in the early 1980s as part of a widespread reform package in conformity with the World Bank conditionality. Removal of restrictions on foreign investment was a major element of the reform program. Full foreign ownership of firms, with full freedom for remittance of profit a nd investment proceeds, is now allowed in almost all sectors of the economy (Athukoralge, FDI History of Pakistan, 2007). Independence in 1971, the Bangladesh government adopted a state-led import-substitution development strategy, which was far more interventionist than that of the united Pakistan. The new government nationalized a larger number of industrial enterprises owned by Pakistani entrepreneurs as well as all industrial enterprises with fixed assets exceeding a certain threshold level. The scope of the private sector was limited to small and cottage industry, and foreign investment was allowed only in collaboration with the public sector with minority equity participation. However, existing foreign investments (excluding those belonging to Pakistan) were spared from the sweeping nationalization drive. The socialist-oriented industrial policy of 1973 assigned a very minor role for the private sector, with some investment ceiling on new investment (Athukoralge, History of Pakistan , 2007). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a small but growing part of total investment in Pakistan. Data indicates that FDI in Pakistan has grown from $8 million US dollars in 1976 to $346 million dollars in 1993. During the same period, total gross fixed capital formation grew from $2.4 to $9.2 Billion dollars (international Monetary Fund). Nevertheless, excluding the non-capital part, FDI is even a smaller part of total capital formation in Pakistan than these figures reflect (Kaynak, 1999). General Musharraf vowed to make all out efforts to improve the deteriorating economic conditions in order to eradicate poverty and hunger in the country. The bank defined essential problem areas where urgent action is needed as: (1) Build investor confidence; (2) Structural change in fiscal policy; (3) Reduction in budget deficit to more sustainable level; (4) Address the national debt servicing issue; (5) Improve exports; (6) Population control; and (7) Improve human capital. Meanwhile, there is a very low flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into the country. The FDI peaked in 1996 to $992 Million and declined to $370 Million in 1999. Another report says that FDI amounted to around $600 Million in 1999; the figure is based on the difference between the amount of FDI stocks in 1998($9.2Billion) and 1999 ($9.8 Billion). However, this constituted 0.21 percent of FDI global flows ($4.7 Trillion). FDI stocks in Pakistan in 1999 represented 4.4 percent of its GDP (Mahmood, FDI History of Pakistan , 2001). Increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increased to $3.5 Billion in the last financial year, according to GOP sources. The United Nations World Investment Report 2006 stated that Pakistan saw a 95% growth in FDI inflows in 2005 to reach $2.183 Billion (Mahmood, 2007). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a key part of national development strategies for many countries. They see such investments as bolstering domestic capital, productivity, and employment, all of which are crucial to jump-starting economic growth. While many highlight FDIs positive effects, others blame FDI for crowding out domestic investment and lowering certain regulatory standards. The effects of FDI can sometimes barely be perceived, while other times they can be absolutely transformative. While FDIs impact depends on many conditions, well-developed and implemented policies can help maximize its gains. The resources in this list focus on the impact of FDI on: Economic growth: Foreign capital stocks combined with the widespread belief that FDI is beneficial for growth triggered a large body of literature on the determinants of FDI in the Central and Eastern European transition countries. The primary goal was to locate all relevant economic and political factors which could be beneficial for FDI inflows and, by extension, for economic growth(Neuhaus, 2005). Trade: The direct impact falls into two parts, namely an immediate effect emanating from the actual investment and the effects on the import pattern of the targeted enterprises. The former channel is generally limited to the imports of initial inputs of imported machinery and equipment (especially in Greenfield investment), or, where FDI is large compared with the size of the host economy, it may include the knock-on effect on aggregate imports from rising total domestic demand. The second channel, which essentially depends on the investors choice between imported and local inputs, has been studied extensively(OECD, Direct Impact of FDI on Imports, 2002). Employment and skill levels: In response to the AFL-CIOs (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations) earlier claim that job losses result from the impact of runaway firms setting up labor- intensive operations in offshore locations, the US tariff commission analyzed then- new data on the foreign operations of US firms. It found that employment gains generated from associated exports of equipment and parts, etc. and expansion of supporting non-production jobs would be large enough to offset possible job losses arising from production displacement effects(Neil Hood, 1979). In response to the latest concerns of the US labor unions, 23 studies have investigated the impact of FDI on employment. All except one have concluded that it has a positive effect resulting in the net increase of jobs(Lee, 2002). Technology diffusion and knowledge transfer: Are of great importance for economic development, as the adoption of new techniques, machines, and production processes is a key determinant of productivity growth. Given that most research and development (RD) and innovation is undertaken in high income countries, most developing economies must rely largely on imported technologies as sources of new productive knowledge. This is not to say that no RD is undertaken in developing countries; a considerable amount of follow-on innovation and adaptation does occur there, contributing to the global stock of knowledge(Smarzynska Javorcik, 2006). Linkages and spillover to domestic firms: FDI spillovers: An increase in the productivity of domestic firms as a consequence of the presence of foreign firms in the domestic economy. FDI spillovers via horizontal linkages: An increase in the productivity of domestic firms resulting from the presence of foreign firms in the same industry. FDI spillovers via forward linkages: An increase in productivity resulting from the foreign presence among the supplies of the industry in which the domestic firm operates. FDI spillovers via backward linkages: An increase in productivity resulting from the foreign presence among the customers of the industry in which the domestic firm operates. These spillovers may take place among domestic firms but are more likely to occur with foreign affiliated firms given their linkages with large foreign parent companies. In the case of horizontal spillovers, there are not such incentives and firms would rather protect their intellectual assets rather than risk technology leakage to competitors (OECD, FDI spillover, 2008). Types of Foreign Direct Investment By Direction Inward FDI: Inward foreign direct investment is when foreign capital is invested in local resources. Inward FDI is encouraged by: Tax breaks, subsidies, low interest loans, grants, lifting of certain restrictions The thought is that the long term gain is worth short term loss of income Inward FDI is restricted by: Ownership restraints or limits Different performance requirements Outward FDI: Outward foreign direct investment, sometimes called direct investment abroad is when local capital is invested in foreign resources. Outward FDI is encouraged by Government-backed insurance to cover risk Outward FDI is restricted by Tax incentives or disincentives on firms that invest outside of the home country or on repatriated profits Subsidies for local businesses Leftist government policies that support the nationalization of industries (or at least a modicum of government control) Self-interested lobby groups and societal sectors who are supported by inward FDI or state investment, for example labor markets and agriculture. Security industries are often kept safe from outwards FDI to ensure the localized state control of the military industrial complex. By Target Greenfield Investment: Direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nations promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. The Organization for International Investment cites the benefits of Greenfield investment (or in sourcing) for regional and national economies to include increased employment (often at higher wages than domestic firms); investments in research and development; and additional capital investments. Criticism of the efficiencies obtained from Greenfield investments includes the loss of market share for competing domestic firms. Another criticism of Greenfield investment is that profits are perceived to bypass local economies, and instead flow back entirely to the multinationals home economy. Critics contrast this to local industries whose profits are seen to flow back e ntirely into the domestic economy (Easson, 2004). Mergers and Acquisitions: Transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place; the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike Greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form of FDI and until around 1997, accounted for nearly 90% of the FDI fl ow into the United States. Mergers are the most common way for multinationals to do FDI (Jonathan Jones, 2006). Horizontal FDI: It refers to FDI in the same industry in which the organization in the home nation. Vertical FDI: It refers to the FDI by an organization in order to sell the outputs of domestic firms to the investment which provides inputs to the domestic organization (Misra, 2009). Backward Vertical FDI: Where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firms domestic production process. Forward Vertical FDI: Where an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firms domestic production. By Motive: FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the following firm: Resource-Seeking FDI Investments which seek to acquire factors of production those are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe (Cohen, 2007). 1.3.3.2 Market-Seeking FDI Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a market rather than discovering a new one .This type of FDI can be characterized by the foreign Mergers and Acquisitions in the 1980s by Accounting, Advertising and Law firms (Cohen, Market-Seeking FDI , 2007). 1.3.3.3 Efficient-Seeking FDI Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Typically, this type of FDI is mostly widely practiced between developed economies; especially those within closely integrated markets (Cohen, Efficiency-Seeking FDI, 2007). 1.3.3.4 Strategic-Asset-Seeking FDI A tactical investment to prevent the loss of resource to a competitor. Easily compared to that of the oil producers, whom may not need the oil at present, but look to prevent their competitors from having it (OECD, Strategic-Asset-Seeking FDI , 2002). 1.3.3.5 Political Oppositions to FDI In the late 1960s and early 1970s foreign direct investment became increasingly politicized. Organized labor, convinced that foreign investment exported jobs, undertook a major campaign to reform the tax provisions which affected foreign direct investment. The Foreign Trade and Investment Act of 1973 (or the Burke-Hartke Bill) would have eliminated both the tax credit and tax deferral. The Nixon Administration, influential members of Congress of both parties, and well-financed lobbying organizations came to the defense of the multinational. The massive counterattack of the multinational corporations and their allies defeated this first major challenge to their interests (Finance, 2006). 1.3.3.6 Private Foreign Investment Few areas in the economics of development arouse so much controversy and are subject to such varying interpretations as the issue of the benefits and costs of private foreign investment. If, however, we look closely at this controversy, we will find that the disagreement is not so much about the influence of MNCs on traditional economics aggregate such as GDP, investment, savings, and manufacturing growth rates (though these disagreements do indeed exist) as about the fundamental economic and social meaning of development as it relates to the diverse activities of MNCs. In other words, the controversy over the role and impact of foreign private investment often has as its basis a fundamental disagreement about the nature, style, and character of a desirable development process (Todaro, 1989). Components of FDI The components of FDI are equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans: Equity Capital Equity in unincorporated entities, non-cash acquisition against technology transfer, plant and machinery, goodwill, business development and similar considerations control premium and non-competition fee (Components of FDI, 2004).The foreign direct investors net purchase of the share and loans of an enterprise in a country other than its own. Reinvested Earnings The part of an affiliates earnings accruing to the foreign investors that is reinvested in that enterprise. Intra-company Loans (Other Capital) Short or long-term loans, trade credit, suppliers credit, financial-leasing, financial derivatives, debt securities from parent firms to affiliate enterprises or vice versa. In the case of banks, deposits, bills and short-term loans are not included. 1.5 Benefits of FDI: The economic benefits of FDI are real, but they do not accrue automatically. To develop the maximum benefits from foreign corporate presence a healthy enabling environment for business is paramount, which encourages domestic as well as foreign investment, provides incentives for innovation and improvements of skills and contributes to a competitive corporate climate. The net benefits from FDI do not accrue automatically, and their magnitude differs according to host country and context. The magnitude of the benefits from FDI depends on the efforts of host countries to put in place the appropriate frameworks but even less-well performing countries may benefit, inter alia by using FDI as a supplement to scarce financial resources. The factors that hold back the full benefits of FDI in some developing countries include the level of general education and health, the technological level of host country enterprises, insufficient openness to trade, weak competition and inadequate regulatory frameworks. Conversely, a level of technological, educational and infrastructure achievement in a developing country does, other things being equal, equip it better to benefit from a foreign presence in its markets (OECD, Benefits of FDI, 2002) The Perceived Benefits of FDI A Zero-Sum Game: As with international trade, it is argued that the free movement of investment capital increases the aggregate sum of global wealth. FDI is not a zero-sum game. If capital is allowed to flow where its owners consider it can be employed most efficiently, then the highest return on capital will be achieved. Restrictions upon FDI necessarily result in the inefficient utilization of capital. This does not, of course, mean that everyone necessarily benefits from FDI- simply that the total benefit should outweigh the total detriment. Nor, of course, does if assume that capital will always be used efficiently- though it is assumed that restrictions upon FDI flows will result in less efficient utilization than if those restrictions did not exist. If one accepts that FDI produces a net benefit in global terms, then everyone should be happy so long as that benefit is shared fairly among the host country, the home country, the firm that undertakes it, and those persons most clo sely affected by the activities of the firm- its shareholders, customers, suppliers and workers (Easson, Benefits of FDI, 2004). FDI from the perspective of home countries: FDI is gen

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-programs :: essays research papers

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-Programs In any modern programming language, procedures play a vital role in the construction of any new software. These days, procedures are used instead of the old constructs of GOTO and GOSUB, which have since become obsolete. Procedures provide a number of important features for the modern software engineer:- Programs are easier to write. Procedures save a large amount of time during software development as the programmer only needs to code a procedure once, but can use it a number of times. Procedures are especially useful in recursive algorithms where the same piece of code has to be executed over and over again. The use of procedures allows a large and complex program to be broken up into a number of much smaller parts, each accomplished by a procedure. Procedures also provide a form of abstraction as all the programmer has to do is know how to call a procedure and what it does, not how it accomplishes the task. Programs are easier to read. Procedures help to make programs shorter, and thus easier to read, by replacing long sequences of statements with one simple procedure call. By choosing goo procedure names, even the names of the procedures help to document the program and make it easier to understand. Programs are easier to modify. When repeated actions are replaced by one procedure call, it becomes much easier to modify the code at a later stage, and also correct any errors. By building up the program in a modular fashion via procedures it becomes much easier to update and replace sections of the program at a later date, if all the code for the specific section is in a particular module. Programs take less time to compile. Replacing a sequence of statements with once simple procedure call usually reduces the compilation time of the program, so long as the program contains more than one reference to the procedure! Object programs require less memory. Procedures reduce the memory consumption of the program in two ways. Firstly they reduce code duplication as the code only needs to be stored once, but the procedure can be called many times. Secondly, procedures allow more efficient storage of data, because storage for a procedure's variables is allocated when the procedure is called and deallocated when it returns. We can divide procedures into two groups:- Function procedures, are procedures which compute a single value and whose calls appear in expressions For example, the procedure ABS is a function procedure, when given a number x, ABS computes the absolute value of x; a call of ABS appears in an expression,

Essay --

Article on apartment in Roorkee - flats in Roorkee - studio apartments in Roorkee http://www.arjunkkrdevelopers.com/ Flats and Apartments in Roorkee – Providers of Smooth and Smart Lifestyle Today’s age is witnessing fast migration of people from one place to another for a number of reasons that include advanced studies, better career prospects and the like. This has made the crucial need of developing housing solutions to address the ever-growing demand of houses. This advancement in residential sphere has given a substantial boost to the real estate market. With the growth of residential township projects, there are several towns that have been blessed with advancement. One of these blissful towns is Roorkee, located in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Every apartment in Roorkee is an embodiment of comfort and is built on latest architectural lines. Roorkee is going through construction of townships on an accelerated rate. These housing zones have a superb assortment of home types that include independent floors, 1/2/3 BHK flats, studio apartments, premium villas and individual ho...

Red Chevy vs Spilled Salt :: essays research papers

Rape is a crime of violence and aggression that not only hurts a victim and the assailant for the moment, but it shatters their entire lives. Rape is defined by society as "any kind of unlawful sexual activity, usually sexual intercourse, carried out forcibly or under threat of injury and against the will of the victim." This definition has been redefined to cover same-sex attacks and attacks against those who are incapable of valid consent, including persons who are mentally ill, intoxicated, and drugged .Rape crimes affect all races, cultures, ages, and economical classes. In the chronicles of the "Red Chevy? and ?Spilled Salt, rape was the issue in both stories, though the two stories are tedious, ?Red Chevy? is better. In the sense that the two stories are alike, they fluctuate in points of view. The "Red Chevy uses first person and the victim tells the narrative. There is a use of the five senses in this narrative. In ?Spilled Salt?, the story is narrated partially by the rapist?s mother. Because the rapist?s mother narrated the tale, the imagery of this tale wasn?t intense. The stories dealt with the circumstances in different ways. In ?Spilled Salt? the mother runs away from her dilemma, she didn?t cope with it well. She had no understanding of why her son would do such a dishonor as rape. On the other hand, the victim in Red Chevy accepted the fact that she was raped, she tried to move on with her life, though she was confused about why it happened to her. The life after the situation was different in both stories .In ?Spilled Salt?, the rapist was full of pain because of his family. There was of stress brought down on him for that act of dishonor. In Red Chevy, the girl bought stress on herself. It was like she was in prison. She stated, ?I climbed into my bed for three days. I spent seventy-two hours staring at the ceiling and vomiting. When I finally emerged form my emotional coma, I could not eat or sleep." People cannot control life, the acts of others, nor death. Whether good or bad, things from rape to everyone getting alone happen.

Issues Responsible for Failure of Doha Talks and Possible Solutions.

Title: Issues responsible for failure of Doha talks and possible solutions. Name: Course: Sunderland ID: EThames Students ID: Intake: Introduction: Current Doha round has been one of the most eventful round but its irony that members couldn’t reach to condenses. This research paper concentrates on reasons that caused friction among the nations and possible solutions that can be used to resolve these issues or reasons. Agricultural issues and industrial goods market issues, talks has been suspended without any further notice of next round. At the end all the hard work after years of negotiation wasn’t successful ad differences among the participating nations proved insurmountable. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO, tried really hard for the success of these talks but all the sides didn’t show the flexibility that was required for the success of these talks. Failure of Doha round talks also highlight the lack of global leadership at least in some quarters, and this fact is pretty difficult to perceive and there are various reasons for that. Only bright thing emerged from this summit is the talk only need one final push as finishing line is insight. Lot has been already achieved but critical issues need consensus. Success to these talks can bring much needed global stimulus for global economy of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Both developed and developing countries can gain something out of it, in fact it is a great opportunity for developed nations to address complaints of developing nations where they feel that economic linearization is highly tilted in favor of developed nations. But failure of these talks can bring some serious consequences; it will seriously damage the reputation of WTO and more importantly multilateralism for which everyone is working hard for will be damaged permanently. Most of the representatives were worried about what could be perceived from their stance i. e. compromising on their stance might appear as compromising on national interest. (Deardorff, 2008) Reasons for failure of Doha round: Failure of Doha round talks have put temporary pause on further negotiations, this is not the first time that talks has been failed and further discussion has been suspended. This has happened before also ministerial talks in Seattle in 1997 and in Cancun in 2003 also have met the dead end though there were different reasons and different out come for each of the failure. Exception in case of Doha round is for the first time talks has been suspended officially. Official announcement of suspension of talks came after 14 hour long last meeting for overcoming farm subsidies and tariff cut of G6 members yielded no result. Members of G6 group came together to come to consensus on support for domestic farms, agricultural market access and non agricultural market access were the core points of the discussion. Agricultural issues and Outcome of G6 meeting: Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO called this meeting as a last attempt for consensus. This meeting had ministers from India, Japan, Australia, Brazil, unites states and 25 members from European Union. Main aim of this meeting was to reduce or remove hurdles in the way of free trade in the agricultural sector and goods manufacturing. There were many other factors that were needed to be addressed but entire discussion revolved round these issues. Each side remained firm on it stance and more emphasis was put on precondition before further negations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) It was necessary for all the participating nations to meet the deadlines and to achieve that it was necessary to agree on figures and formulae for the tariff cut and subsidy cut in context of industrial goods and agriculture modalities but talk couldn’t move forward in positive direction because irreconcilable differences between participating ministers representing their nations. Failure in the talks was more unfortunate on the background of fresh hopes which were raised in G8 meeting of worlds most powerful and industry oriented nations. Then president of United States and European commission president assured flexibility. Even heads of developing countries like India and Brazil participating in G8 meeting showed their interest in pushing for the breakthrough. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) G6 minister headed for Geneva after St. Petersburg meeting where they were prepared to transform their promises of flexibility into concrete deals. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO convinced these nations to discuss these issues. Lamy was pushing for USA to reduce domestic farm support and European Union for increasing access for domestic agricultural market and at the same time developing nations like India and Brazil will be convince for reducing their industrial tariffs. Problem here was each group was expecting other group to give in first. In these triangle of issues main hurdle in the talks were issues in agricultural sector which has been mentioned above. The third issue of convincing of India and Brazil for reducing their industrial tariffs didn’t even make it to the discussion because there wasn’t any result from the discussion of first two issues. In the negotiations USA and European Union were expected to cut the subsidy they were providing to domestic farms at the same time developed nations were expecting India and Brazil, to open their domestic market for agriculture and agricultural goods. Negotiations had the first jolt when far from removing subsidy to agricultural sector USA proposed to increase it. With this development Lamy realized that there wont be any consensus and gap was widening and thus before situation deteriorates any further he suspended the talks. He didn’t give any indications when next round of negotiation will begin he hinted that instead of deadlocking on same issues again participating countries should carry out their respective work internally regarding these issues and then participate in the discussion. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Major reasons From above information it is pretty clear that agricultural issues are the main reason for breaking down of talk. Members had heated discussion on this issue and USA offered to cut farm subsidies which proved trade distorting by 53% that is USA proposed to slash the subsidy amount from $48. 2 billion to $22. 5 billion but issue here was this amount of $22. 5 billion was much higher than their last year subsidy, which was $19. 7 billion thus by proposing slash of 53% they were indirectly trying to increase the subsidy on their agricultural sector where all the nations were gathered together to discuss subsidy cut on the agricultural sector by developed nations. This offer from United States didn’t satisfy any of the G6 members as well as any of the diplomatic delegations from other nations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) To add to it in the exchange United States expected tariff cut from European nations up to 66% where European Union offered 51% increasing from original proposed position of 39% this offer of 51% was quite close to demand of developing nations where they expected tariff cut from European nations up to 51%. But on the contrary USA stated that European nations only were willing for 48% of tariff cut and they were expecting at least of 54%. Both India and Brazil appreciated this movement from European Nations their representatives also suggested that it was approach from united status which blocked the progress of talk and that resulted in suspension of the talks. Other reasons behind failure of talks: Some issues other than agricultural issues also played their part in the failure of the talks in Doha round. The president’s administration in USA was under severe pressure from congress and it had to give in because of pressure of protecting domestic interests. Delegates from Special interest groups such as National Association of Manufacturers and American Farm Bureau from United States were present at the summit they monitored as well as instructed representatives of United States. Pressure applied by these groups reduced space of negotiation for United States delegation. There was deep rooted North South tension it combined with many other adverse factors to undermine success of the talks. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Many scholars and commentator stated that current situation in major negotiating parties like United States, India and European Union wasn’t quite in the favor of trade concessions; political leadership everywhere was not willing to concede much. Key elections were due in United Status and it was expected that administration won’t go for any risky compromise on their position which might appear as compromise on national interest. To add fuel to the fire economic crisis emerged from Wall Street had huge repercussions and it got converted in global slow down. (Deardorff, 2008) There were oppositions for European Union offer of 51% tariff cut from European nations from European Union according to French president Nicolas Sarcozy 51% tariff cut would result in destruction of European agriculture and would reduce more than 100000 jobs. Absence of fast track authority (trade promotion authority) also didn’t go to well with other delegations. Without passing of trade promotion authority it wouldn’t have been possible to get passing of congress even if participating nations would have managed to reach some kind of consensus. After effects of talk failure: India, Brazil, Japan, Australia, USA and European were involved in 14 hours long meeting to make consensus but unfortunately the meeting ended without any results on lowering tariff and slashing farm subsidies. This failure in talks gave birth to inhibited blame game in the participating countries. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said that â€Å"What they’re saying is that for every dollar that they strip out of their trade-distorting farm subsidies, they want to be given a dollar’s worth of market access in developing country markets. That is not acceptable to developing countries and it’s a principle that I, on Europe’s behalf, certainly couldn’t sign up to either. This is not my definition of leadership† In reply to this statement from EU Trade Commissioner, Susan Schwab from USTR alleged that statement by the EU alleging that the US failed to show flexibility and attempting to divert the blame for the stalemate is false and misleading. The countries that have tended to be finger-pointing at this point are the ones that are reluctant to act in terms of market access. We are deeply disappointed that the EU failed to exhibit similar restraint and hope this will not jeopardize the few chances we have left to save the Doha round. † EU and US kept pointing fingers at each other after suspension of Doha round each party blaming other party for failure of Doha round. As usual India also blamed developed nations for not removing subsidies those were proved a trade distorting. India’s industry and commerce minister Kamal Nath said that â€Å"It is best we tell the world that the talks have failed, and the negotiating process is suspended. Now, there is no roadmap for the future,† according to him United State’s approach of refusing to cut subsidy regarding agricultural sector has been solely responsible for failure of talks at Doha summit. European Union also openly blamed Unites status for suspension of negotiation. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson stated that it was disappointing to see lack of flexibility in USA’s approach after promising the same in G8 summit. To take the blame game further US officials blamed other trading partners for failure of process to bridge the differences on other important issues such as import duties on tariff related to agricultural sector. US officials further alleged that they were prepared to remove subsidies related to agricultural sector those were proved a trade distorting but they could not do so because India and European Union did not present any substantial proposal on global agricultural market access. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO preferred to stay away from the blame game; he was more intended on how to resume talks. Lamy urged all the participating nations to avoid megaphone diplomacy and do some introspection in order to avoid such situation in the future. Lamy also requested all participating nations to think positively to arrive at any acceptable solution. Chances of resolving the differences: Doha round has been disappointing and talks has been moved to deep freezing state since then. There is very little positivity around these talks very few people are still in belief of revival, though Brazil and United States have promised to work hard in positive direction for revival f the talks chances are looking really thin about it. Most experts believed that there are little hopes for revival of talks ahead of Doha round. Breakdown at that juncture meant that there is very little hope for revival of talk before end of presidency tenure of then president of United States. As mentioned above, fast track authority or trade promotion authority thinks that congress must show green or red signal otherwise opponent might take advantage of such situation. Political climate in United States during that time was not very conducive for any compromise because of mid term elections current trade deficit in US economy also played negative role extension of fast track authority and even if it would have happened, in case of opposition win in the election would lead to weakening of fast track authority. Hoekman, 2003) It is believed that France who is strongly opposing for 51% tariff cut in agricultural sector has forced Lamy to suspend the talks indefinitely. In fact many say that France made it sure that talks get suspended that if discussion is highly concentrated on agricultural issues. Wall street journal quotes French agricultural minister saying that â€Å"I would prefer the negotiations fail rather than raise questions about agriculture†. Because of t his situation promises by USA and Brazil of reviving talks appear unrealistic. Successful round and preconditions: Political capitals should be mobilized in order to have any hope for success in breaking the deadlock this has to be done domestically as well as internationally. This will require monumental leadership globally. With new president United State certainly has position to do this. Morally also United State has to take responsibility because they are the most influential and powerful nation in the world to add to it they are responsible for current economic crisis. Other major trading nations like Canada, Japan and European nations also should join United States in these initiatives of bold economic reforms and liberalization. Meaning of economic liberalization itself is to save public money and removing of wasteful economic programs. It is true that current financial status of United Status might complicate things for that country still United States can afford to act little proactively. Road ahead: There is growing concern about global economic recession and it’s after effects and because of mounting fear world leaders are requesting businesses to consult their respective governments, to think successful solution regarding failure of talks in Doha because if that doesn’t happen there is constant risk of developing other barriers in world trade. Peter Mandelson feels that it better to act quickly and it consensus are not reached immediately, chances are pretty slim that it will be done in future. Trade talks were working on stop start basis from last six years but after Doha talks are on halt. A constructive seminar was held at Davos where subject was â€Å"Threats to the Global Trading System† some progress was registered on some technical issues in this summit but no party still is close enough for any sort of formal agreement because of high degree of skepticism. Developing countries are concerned about interests of their farmers; they feel that lowering the tariff might expose farmers especially poor farmers to global competition for which they might not be prepared for, and this situation will have its adverse effects on growth and will result in slowdown of entire economy. Minister of Commerce and Industry of India Kamal Nath insisted that India, Africa and Asia pacific are the most productive markets for developed nations and if they want to take advantage of these markets it has to be made sure that India, Africa and Asia pacific have healthy economy. Deardorff, 2008) At the same time financial scholars feel that cost of failure of Doha talks is already taking its toll on participating nations and if solution is not obtained in near future most of the countries might opt for protectionism and this will be bad news for free trade as it will be the roll back what ever progress that has bee made in the direction of free global trade. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO has mentioned his concern may time according to him effects of global economic slow down might be having their exaggerated side effects on global economy due to Doha failure. Minister of foreign affairs in Brazil Celso Amorim is also worried about current situation he feels that though all the negotiating parties are adamant on their position they all have to face the consequences in near future for their stance. (Das, 2009) Because of increasing delay companies are loosing their faith in negotiators and voters though they have lot more o gain from what ever negotiations carried out at Doha though lot more still left to be achieved and because of this companies and powerful and influential corporate houses all over the world should consider the fact that stalling of talks will result in loss of opportunities for them thus as mentioned above they should use their might to convince their respective government and if they succeed to do so, it will be a terrific achievement. Conclusion: The longest trade round ever was held in Doha. It could have been termed as constitutional moment for trading systems across the world. Structure of trade between the member nations is largely dependent on future of Doha talks how it ends and what shape does it take. Having said this, this round will exist without any positive response or developmental challenges. For Doha to succeed and for better future for WTO in the context of its credibility it is important that focus of the talks shifts from mere commercial bargain that is controlled by major negotiating parties to a process of public interests who’s success will be beneficial for all. Commercial bargains of the member nations of WTO have been primarily responsible for jeopardizing of the talks. Although some members think for alternative way for controversial points they won’t be as productive as successful Doha round nor do they will be able to survey larger public good. For dispassionate involvement in the negotiations highlights lack of leadership from USA. It is responsibility of trading partners of United States be its developing or developed nation to prevent that nation from becoming a stumbling block in the talks. At the end of the day it must be remembered that world in which every one has enough food to eat and good enough work to do; only such world can derive peace and security for global citizens which can be provided by successful trade. References: Deardorff, A. , 2008 â€Å"International Provision of Trade Services, Trade and Fragmentation. † Review of International Economics, Vol 9 No. 2. pp. 233-48. The Economist, 2003 â€Å"The WTO Under Fire. † September 18 Available on the Internet at http://www. economist. com. /PrinterFriendly. cfm? Story_ID=2071855 Hoekman, B. 2003. Cancun: Crisis or Catharsis†. Paper presented at the joint roundtable of the Brookings Institution and George Washington University held on 20 September, in Washington DC. Pr Jagdish Bhagwati and Peter Sutherland KCMG, (January 2011) THE DOHA ROUND: SETTING A DEADLINE, DEFINING A FINAL DEAL Interim report B. S. Chimni, Chantal Thomas & Joel P. Trachtman eds. , (2009 ) Some Reflections on the Idea of Free Trade and Doha Round Trade Negotiations, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM 21, at 27–28 A key year ahead for Doha trade talks, available at: http://www. weforum. rg/node/65945 Accessed on: 9-7-11 DAS, supra note 151, at 105. There is also a collective benefit from trade liberalization: developing countries should open their markets among one another to fully achieve â€Å"export-market diversification. † Id. at 106. Dilip K. Das. 2009a. ,Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. Routledge, London and New York. 2009. Lamy, P. , 2003 â€Å"Can the Doha Development Agenda Live up to its Name? † Available on the Internet at http://europa. eu. int/comm/commissioners/lamy/speeches_articles/spla188_en. htm September 10, 2008